Martin Buber (1878-1965) was an Austrian philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the I-Thou relationship and the I-It relationship.
Born on February 8, 1878 in Vienna, Austria, Buber came from a family of observant Jews, but broke with Jewish custom to pursue secular studies in philosophy. In 1898, he joined the Zionist movement, participating in congresses and organizational work. In 1902, he became the editor of the weekly Die Welt, the central organ of the Zionist movement. In 1923, Buber wrote his famous essay on existence, Ich und Du (later translated into English as I and Thou), and in 1925, he began translating the Hebrew Bible into the German language.
In 1930, Buber became an honorary professor at the University of Frankfurt am Main, but resigned from his professorship in protest immediately after Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. He then founded the Central Office for Jewish Adult Education, which became an increasingly important body as the German government forbade Jews from public education. In 1938, Buber left Germany and settled in Jerusalem, Mandate Palestine, receiving a professorship at Hebrew University and lecturing in anthropology and introductory sociology.
Buber was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature ten times, and Nobel Peace Prize seven times.
He died at his home in the Talbiya neighborhood of Jerusalem on June 13, 1965, aged 87.