Reviving millets in India: Understanding consumption decline and demand-side constraints
Kumar, Anjani · Pahwa, Vanshika
Aug 2026 · IFPRI Discussion Paper Book 2434 · International Food Policy Research Institute
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Millets are increasingly promoted as climate-resilient and nutrient-dense crops in India’s food systems transformation. Yet, despite rising policy support, their consumption continues to decline. This paper analyzes long-term trends and demand-side determinants of millet consumption using nationally representative data from Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (2011–2012, 2022–2023, 2023–2024). Results show a steep decline in per capita millet consumption of more than 80 percent in rural areas since the late 1980s and a sharp reduction in the share of millets in total cereal consumption. Using a double hurdle model, we find that millet consumption remains concentrated among rural, lower-income, and less-educated households, with limited uptake among urban and higher-income groups. Participation in the Public Distribution System (PDS) increases the likelihood of consumption but reduces consumption intensity, indicating substitution with subsidized rice and wheat. We document a large production–consumption gap of nearly 14 million tons, suggesting increasing diversion of millets toward feed and processing uses. The findings highlight the need to rebalance cereal policies and strengthen demand-side incentives to integrate millets into modern food systems.
Millets are increasingly promoted as climate-resilient and nutrient-dense crops in India’s food systems transformation. Yet, despite rising policy support, their consumption continues to decline. This paper analyzes long-term trends and demand-side determinants of millet consumption using nationa...
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