For seventeen years one man held the most powerful republic in the world by the throat. Hannibal Barca led an army of many peoples—and a column of elephants—over the Alps into Italy, and at Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae he annihilated Roman armies on a scale never seen before or since. Cannae remains the textbook battle of encirclement, studied by generals to this day. And yet Hannibal lost. This gripping, accessible history tells the whole story of the duel between Carthage and Rome: two Mediterranean superpowers, three brutal wars, and the generals—Hannibal and his great Roman rival Scipio—who decided the fate of the West. It does justice to Carthage on its own terms, reading the surviving sources critically, because almost every word we have was written by the winners. From the Phoenician sea-empire and the citizen-republic built for war, through the crossing of the Alps and the long, grinding stalemate, to the Metaurus, Zama, Hannibal’s exile and the final, deliberate erasure of Carthage in 146 BCE, the book separates documented fact from legend—the boyhood oath, the vinegar that supposedly split the Alpine rock, the salt supposedly sown into Carthage’s ruins. The result is a story of genius and endurance, of why the most brilliant battlefield commander of antiquity could win every battle and still lose the war.
For seventeen years one man held the most powerful republic in the world by the throat. Hannibal Barca led an army of many peoples—and a column of elephants—over the Alps into Italy, and at Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae he annihilated Roman armies on a scale never seen before or since. Cannae rem...