Fantômas

Appearing in 1911, Fantômas was first conceived when publisher Arthème Fayard enlisted Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain to create a new series that would capitalize on the French public’s appetite for detective novels—Arsène Lupin, Zigomar, and Nick Carter were already popular characters whose exploits could be read in periodicals of the time. The two collaborators used an ingenious form of literary mass production, with each one writing alternate chapters, to write a sequel every month for several years. Elaborate crimes, technological gadgetry, and gruesome violence made the series a hit with the public—the 32 volumes written by Souvestre and Allain sold over five million copies—but Fantômas reached beyond the typical audience for pulp fiction, as well. Luminaries of the avant-garde—Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Max Jacob, and René Magritte, among others—praised and paid tribute to Fantômas in prose, poetry, and paintings, appreciating the surreal and imaginative nature of the novels’ impossible paradoxes and shifting identities.

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