Gide was inspired by the Cubist movement in how he arranged the characters and plot, leading to unresolved plot lines, fractured timelines, and a kaleidoscopic narrative. Contemporary critics like E. M. Forster praised the attempt, but ultimately found it too confusing to be successful.
The novel is also a roman-a-clef, in which Édouard is a stand-in for Gide himself, and some of his contemporaries like Jean Cocteau, Marc Allégret, and Eugénie Sokolnicka are reflected in various characters. The novel is also notable for its frank depiction of not one, but several homosexual relationships.
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