Neutrosophic Paraconsistent Logic: Evidence Degrees, Ontological Indeterminacy, and Scientific Evidence Synthesis

·
Infinite Study
Электрондук китеп
11
Барактар
Кошсо болот

Учкай маалымат

Classical logic prohibits contradiction as structural collapse: from a contradiction, anything follows (ex contradictione quodlibet). Two formal traditions have challenged this prohibition: da Costa's Annotated Paraconsistent Logic (LPA) [5,6], which tolerates contradictions without system collapse, and Smarandache's Neutrosophic Logic [1,2,3], which introduces genuine indeterminacy as an independent logical value. We show that LPA is algebraically a subset of neutrosophic logic via the embedding φ(A:(μ,λ)) = A:(T=μ, I=0, F=λ), which preserves all LPA operations under neutrosophic connectives. This result supports Smarandache's claim that neutrosophic logic subsumes paraconsistent logic structurally. Building on this foundation, we propose Neutrosophic Paraconsistent Logic (NPL), a development within the neutrosophic framework that adds an evidential layer: μ (favorable evidence) and λ (contrary evidence) as evidence degrees alongside the ontological I, enabling a formal distinction between epistemic contradiction (resolvable by evidence) and ontological contradiction (structurally irreducible). Nine formal propositions establish NPL's properties, including bounded paraconsistency under a defined annotated consequence relation _NPL. We formalize an Evidence Synthesis algorithm (NPL-ES) and apply it to a clinical controversy: prenatal paracetamol and autism spectrum disorder (N=17 studies), demonstrating that quality-weighted NPL annotation produces materially different and more actionable recommendations than raw vote-counting.
Classical logic prohibits contradiction as structural collapse: from a contradiction, anything follows (ex contradictione quodlibet). Two formal traditions have challenged this prohibition: da Costa's Annotated Paraconsistent Logic (LPA) [5,6], which tolerates contradictions without system collap...

Дагы башкалар

Бул электрондук китепти баалаңыз

Оюңуз менен бөлүшүп коюңуз.

Окуу маалыматы

Смартфондор жана планшеттер
Android жана iPad/iPhone үчүн Google Play Китептер колдонмосун орнотуңуз. Ал автоматтык түрдө аккаунтуңуз менен шайкештелип, кайда болбоңуз, онлайнда же оффлайнда окуу мүмкүнчүлүгүн берет.
Ноутбуктар жана компьютерлер
Google Play'ден сатылып алынган аудиокитептерди компьютериңиздин веб браузеринен уга аласыз.
eReaders жана башка түзмөктөр
Kobo eReaders сыяктуу электрондук сыя түзмөктөрүнөн окуу үчүн, файлды жүктөп алып, аны түзмөгүңүзгө өткөрүшүңүз керек. Файлдарды колдоого алынган eReaders'ке өткөрүү үчүн Жардам борборунун нускамаларын аткарыңыз.