That alternative objective summary measures of outward orientation produce entirely different country rankings is probably not an astounding revelation. Trade regulations and barriers are generally complex legally and even more opaque in their actual administration. The hope that any reasonably straightforward summary measure could produce a correct ranking of countries has always been treated skeptically and - disappointingly - rightly so.
That alternative objective summary measures of outward orientation produce entirely different country rankings is probably not an astounding revelation. Trade regulations and barriers are generally complex legally and even more opaque in their actual administration. The hope that any reasonably s...