Immanuel Kant: The Limits of Knowledge and Moral Autonomy

John Stuart Mill: Liberty, Utility, and Equality

Michel Foucault: Knowledge, Power, and the Care of the Self

Aristotle: Reason, Virtue, and the Good Life

Epictetus: Choice, Freedom, and the Limits of Control

Socrates: Questions, Virtue, and the Examined Life

Seneca: Time, Anger, and the Uncertainty of Life

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Freedom, Inequality, and Collective Life

René Descartes: Doubt, Reason, and the Foundations of Knowledge

John Locke: Experience, Authority, and the Limits of Government

Søren Kierkegaard: Existence, Choice, and Faith

David Hume: Experience, Skepticism, and Human Nature

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Consciousness, History, and Freedom

Simone de Beauvoir: Freedom, Womanhood, and the Question of the Other

Ibn Rushd: Reason, Interpretation, and the Defense of Philosophy

Confucius: Humaneness, Ritual, and the Ethics of Relationship

Simone Weil: Attention, Labor, and Responsibility to Others

Thomas Aquinas: Being, Natural Law, and Faith with Reason

Al-Farabi: Reason, the Virtuous City, and Shared Happiness

Ibn Sina: Existence, the Soul, and the Necessary Existent